ntp

NTP

R1(config)#clock timezone UTC +7
R1(config)#do clock set 11:17:00 March 26 2015
R1(config)#ntp master

R2(config)#clock timezone UTC +7
R2(config)#do show clock
*07:04:03.547 UTC Fri Mar 1 2002
R2(config)#ntp server 10.0.0.1
R2(config)#end
R2#

R2#show ntp associations

address         ref clock     st  when  poll reach  delay  offset    disp
*~10.0.0.1         127.127.7.1       8    22    64  377    32.6  -481.9    79.3
* master (synced), # master (unsynced), + selected, – candidate, ~ configured

R2#show ntp associations detail
10.0.0.1 configured, our_master, sane, valid, stratum 8
ref ID 127.127.7.1, time D8BE0763.21CDCC35 (11:19:47.132 UTC Thu Mar 26 2015)
our mode client, peer mode server, our poll intvl 64, peer poll intvl 64
root delay 0.00 msec, root disp 0.03, reach 377, sync dist 95.642
delay 32.58 msec, offset -481.9078 msec, dispersion 79.33
precision 2**18, version 3
org time D8BE079F.24EE1E78 (11:20:47.144 UTC Thu Mar 26 2015)
rcv time D8BE07A0.08A821A6 (11:20:48.033 UTC Thu Mar 26 2015)
xmt time D8BE079F.F93DF58B (11:20:47.973 UTC Thu Mar 26 2015)
filtdelay =    60.20   32.58   56.17   55.39   60.32   84.15   88.03   88.15
filtoffset = -859.45 -481.91 -461.94 -453.79 -452.02 -391.93 -225.92  -45.77
filterror =     0.03    1.01    1.02    1.04    1.05    1.07    1.08    1.10

R2#show ntp status
Clock is synchronized, stratum 9, reference is 10.0.0.1
nominal freq is 250.0000 Hz, actual freq is 250.0000 Hz, precision is 2**18
reference time is D8BE07A0.08A821A6 (11:20:48.033 UTC Thu Mar 26 2015)
clock offset is -481.9078 msec, root delay is 32.58 msec
root dispersion is 561.28 msec, peer dispersion is 79.33 msec
R2#

Eigrp ipv4

Eigrp
==================================================================

R4(config)#int f0/0
R4(config-if)#ip add 10.44.0.4 255.255.255.0
R4(config-if)#no sh
R4(config-if)#exit

R4(config)#int e1/2
R4(config-if)#ip add 10.34.0.4 255.255.255.0
R4(config-if)#no sh
R4(config-if)#exi

R4(config)#router eigrp 777
R4(config-router)#network 4.0.0.0
R4(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
R4(config-router)#do show ip eigrp interface

EIGRP-IPv4 Interfaces for AS(777)
Xmit Queue   PeerQ        Mean   Pacing Time   Multicast    Pending
Interface              Peers  Un/Reliable  Un/Reliable  SRTT   Un/Reliable   Flow Timer   Routes
Lo0                      0        0/0       0/0           0       0/0            0           0
Fa0/0                    0        0/0       0/0           0       0/0            0           0
Et1/2                    0        0/0       0/0           0       0/0            0           0
R4(config-router)#do show ip protocol
*** IP Routing is NSF aware ***

Routing Protocol is “eigrp 777” <================================================
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Default networks flagged in outgoing updates
Default networks accepted from incoming updates
EIGRP-IPv4 Protocol for AS(777)
Metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0
NSF-aware route hold timer is 240
Router-ID: 4.4.4.4
Topology : 0 (base)
Active Timer: 3 min
Distance: internal 90 external 170
Maximum path: 4
Maximum hopcount 100
Maximum metric variance 1

Automatic Summarization: disabled <=========== otomatis disable by Default kalau pake IOS yang 15.x version
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
4.0.0.0
10.0.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway         Distance      Last Update
Distance: internal 90 external 170

R4(config-router)#no auto-summary
R4(config-router)#end

=====================================================================================
R3 :
R3#conf t
R3(config)#int e1/2
R3(config-if)#ip add 10.34.0.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no sh
R3(config-if)#exit

R3(config)#int e1/1
R3(config-if)#ip add 10.23.0.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no sh
R3(config-if)#exit

R3(config)#router eigrp 777
R3(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
R3(config-router)#no auto-summary
R3(config-router)#
*Feb  8 11:13:18.411: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: EIGRP-IPv4 777: Neighbor 10.34.0.4 (Ethernet1/2) is up: new adjacency
R3(config-router)#exit

R3(config-if)#do show ip rout
Codes: L – local, C – connected, S – static, R – RIP, M – mobile, B – BGP
D – EIGRP, EX – EIGRP external, O – OSPF, IA – OSPF inter area
N1 – OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 – OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 – OSPF external type 1, E2 – OSPF external type 2
i – IS-IS, su – IS-IS summary, L1 – IS-IS level-1, L2 – IS-IS level-2
ia – IS-IS inter area, * – candidate default, U – per-user static route
o – ODR, P – periodic downloaded static route, H – NHRP, l – LISP
+ – replicated route, % – next hop override

Gateway of last resort is not set

4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
D        4.4.4.4 [90/409600] via 10.34.0.4, 00:03:09, Ethernet1/2
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 7 subnets, 2 masks
D        10.11.0.0/24 [90/309760] via 10.23.0.2, 00:00:22, Ethernet1/1
D        10.12.0.0/24 [90/307200] via 10.23.0.2, 00:00:22, Ethernet1/1
C        10.23.0.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet1/1
L        10.23.0.3/32 is directly connected, Ethernet1/1
C        10.34.0.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet1/2
L        10.34.0.3/32 is directly connected, Ethernet1/2
D        10.44.0.0/24 [90/284160] via 10.34.0.4, 00:03:09, Ethernet1/2
R3(config-if)#do show ip eirgp nei
^
% Invalid input detected at ‘^’ marker.

R3(config-if)#do show ip ei nei
EIGRP-IPv4 Neighbors for AS(777)
H   Address                 Interface              Hold Uptime   SRTT   RTO  Q  Seq
(sec)         (ms)       Cnt Num
1   10.23.0.2               Et1/1                    12 00:01:28  108   648  0  7
0   10.34.0.4               Et1/2                    12 00:04:14 1081  5000  0  4
R3(config-if)#

========================================================================
R2#conf t
R2(config)#int e1/1
R2(config-if)#ip add 10.23.0.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#exit

R2(config)#int e1/0
R2(config-if)#ip add 10.12.0.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#exit

R2(config)#router eigrp 777
R2(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
R2(config-router)#no auto-summary
R2(config-router)#exit

=====================================================================

R1#conf t
R1(config)#int f0/0
R1(config-if)#ip add 10.11.0.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no sh
R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config)#int e1/0
R1(config-if)#ip add 10.12.0.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no sh
R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config)#router eigrp 777     
R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
R1(config-router)#no auto-summary

R1(config)#int lo0
R1(config-if)#ip add 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#router eigrp 777
R1(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0
R1(config-router)#exit
R1(config)#^Z

R1#ping 4.4.4.4 source 1.1.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 4.4.4.4, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 1.1.1.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 100/142/192 ms

ipv4 DHCP

IP DHCP

R2(config)#ip dhcp pool OUR-Pool
R2(dhcp-config)#network 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0
R2(dhcp-config)#default-router 10.0.0.2
R2(dhcp-config)#dns-server 8.8.8.8
R2(dhcp-config)#lease 2
R2(dhcp-config)#exit
R2(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.24
R2(config)#end

R2#show ip dhcp pool

Pool OUR-Pool :
Utilization mark (high/low)    : 100 / 0
Subnet size (first/next)       : 0 / 0
Total addresses                : 254
Leased addresses               : 0
Pending event                  : none
1 subnet is currently in the pool :
Current index        IP address range                    Leased addresses
10.0.0.1             10.0.0.1         – 10.0.0.254        0

==============================================================================================

R1(config)#int f0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address dhcp
R1(config-if)#end
R1#
*Mar  1 00:07:16.691: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R1#
*Mar  1 00:07:24.779: %DHCP-6-ADDRESS_ASSIGN: Interface FastEthernet0/0 assigned DHCP address 10.0.0.25, mask 255.255.255.0, hostname R1

R1#show dhcp server  
DHCP server: ANY (255.255.255.255)
Leases:   1
Offers:   1      Requests: 1     Acks : 1     Naks: 0
Declines: 0      Releases: 0     Query: 0     Bad: 0
DNS0:   8.8.8.8,   DNS1:  0.0.0.0
Subnet: 255.255.255.0

R1#show ip route | begin Gateway
Gateway of last resort is 10.0.0.2 to network 0.0.0.0

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       10.0.0.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
S*   0.0.0.0/0 [254/0] via 10.0.0.2

====================================================================================================

R2#show ip dhcp binding
Bindings from all pools not associated with VRF:
IP address          Client-ID/              Lease expiration        Type
Hardware address/
User name
10.0.0.25           0063.6973.636f.2d63.    Mar 03 2002 01:22 AM    Automatic
3030.312e.3231.6238.
2e30.3030.302d.4661.
302f.30

PC :

PC1>
PC1> ip dhcp
DDORA IP 10.0.0.26/24 GW 10.0.0.2

PC1> ping 10.0.0.2
84 bytes from 10.0.0.2 icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=19.001 ms
84 bytes from 10.0.0.2 icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=29.002 ms
84 bytes from 10.0.0.2 icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=29.002 ms
84 bytes from 10.0.0.2 icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=29.002 ms
84 bytes from 10.0.0.2 icmp_seq=5 ttl=255 time=29.002 ms

 

DNS ipv4

DNS ipv4

==================================================================================

R2(config)#ip dns server
R2(config)#ip host server1.bubba.com 10.2.2.2
R2(config)#int loopback 6783

R2(config-if)#ip add 10.2.2.2 255.255.255.255
R2(config-if)#^Z

R2#ping server1.bubba.com

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.2.2.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/2/4 ms
R2#

===============================================================

R1(config)#ip domain lookup
R1(config)#do ping 10.0.0.2

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.0.0.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 60/76/96 ms

R1(config)#ip name-server 10.0.0.2
R1(config)#ip route
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
R1(config)#end
R1#
*Mar  1 00:15:12.887: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

R1#debug ip udp
UDP packet debugging is on

R1#ping server1.bubba.com

Translating “server1.bubba.com”…domain server (10.0.0.2) [OK]

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.2.2.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/68/120 ms
R1#
*Mar  1 00:18:18.059: UDP: Random local port generated 56090, network 1
*Mar  1 00:18:18.059: Reserved port 56090 in Transport Port Agent for UDP IP type 1
*Mar  1 00:18:18.063: UDP: sent src=10.0.0.1(56090), dst=10.0.0.2(53), length=43
*Mar  1 00:18:18.119: UDP: rcvd src=10.0.0.2(53), dst=10.0.0.1(56090), length=59
*Mar  1 00:18:18.123: Released port 56090 in Transport Port Agent for IP type 1

SSH ipv4

SSH ipv4

R2(config)#username admin privilege 15 secret cisco
R2(config)#line vty 0 4
R2(config-line)#login local
R2(config-line)#transport input ssh
R2(config-line)#exit

R2(config)#ip domain-name kacanggoreng.com
R2(config)#do show run | include domain
no ip domain lookup
ip domain name kacanggoreng.com

======================================================

R1#ssh -l admin 10.0.0.2
Password:

=====================================================
R1#ssh -l admin 10.0.0.2
Password:

R2#show tcp bri
TCB       Local Address               Foreign Address             (state)
67ACE3B4  10.0.0.2.22                 10.0.0.1.16050               ESTAB

==============================================================

R2#show run
username admin privilege 15 secret 4 tnhtc92DXBhelxjYk8LWJrPV36S2i4ntXrpb4RFmfqY
===============================================================

3 way handshake

ipv4 Telnet

 

Backup Configurasi File & IOS Image :

Backup Configurasi File & IOS Image :

SW2#sh flash

TFTPd32 & FTP Filezilla <– Software FTP

Cara konfigurasi file

dari run config ke ftp

#copy running-config tftp:
#Address or name of remote host []? 192.168.1.100 <— IP FTP Server
Destination filenae [sw2-config]? SW2.txt <– nama file yang di config dan di simpan di ftp server

=======================================================================================

Backup IOS image

SW2#sh version

sebelum Upgrade IOS kita harus backup

SW2#sh flash:?

SW2#copy flash:c3560-ipservicek9-mz.122.-55.SE5.bin tftp:
Addess or name of remote host []? 192.168.1.100
Destination filename [c3560-ipservicek9-mz.122.-55.SE5.bin]? <– Enter saja [Default]
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! <– proses backup berjalan

===============================================================

Upgrade IOS Image

dari FTP / TFTP server ke flash cisco device.

sh flash:

liat space flash
================================

Delete isi flash

SW2#delete flash:?
sw2#c3560-ipservicek9-mz.122.-55.SE5.bin
Delete filename [c3560-ipservicek9-mz.122.-55.SE5.bin] ?
delete flash:c3560-ipservicek9-mz.122.-55.SE5.bin? [confirm]

SW2#sh flash:/

liat saja sudah terhapus apa blm

==================================

waktunya untuk upgrade karena space flash sudah cukup

Upgrade IOS Image

dari FTP / TFTP server ke flash cisco device.

SW2#copy ftp://cisco:cisco@192.168.1.100 flash:
source filename []? copy saja nama IOS image dari FTP server trus paste-kan disana
Destination filename [c3560-ipservicek9-mz.122.-55.SE7.bin]?
Accessing ftp://cisco:cisco@192.168.1.100/c3560-ipservicek9-mz.122.-55.SE7.bin…
Loading c3560-ipservicek9-mz.122.-55.SE7.bin!!!!!!!! <— Proses loading upgrade dari ftp ke flash

* Erase startup-config = supaya bersih tidak config apapun

untuk upgarde berjalan harus restart
SW2#reload

* IOS <— ios image ini memang harus di restart

ISSU = in-server software upgrade dimana kita upgrade itu traffic tetap jalan dmn kita tdk perlu reload

cisco cat6500 mempunya 2 prosesor ( supervisor engine ) yang mempunya redunancy

AXR 9000
CSR X

=======
RECOVERY Operation System IOS cisco

rommon 1 > tftpdnld

isikan parameter yang ada disana

tftpdnld

IP_ADDRESS: 192.168.1.1
IP_SUBNET_MASK: 255.255.255.0
DEFAULT_GATEWAY: 192.168.1.1
TFTP_SERVER: 192.168.1.100
TFTP_FILE: c1841-advipservicesk9-mz.124.15.T1.bin

rommon 10 ? tftpdnld

dir flash:

rommon 10 > boot

==== Recovery IOS ada 2

Tftpdnld <——-> Tftp ( IP )
xmodem   <——-> Cable Console

Foundation : What is a Network ?

Foundation : What is a Network ?
apa itu network ??
– fungsi internetwork
– Chunks ( PDU ) yang membuat internetwork
– applikasi yang digunakan untuk network
– design simple network
– osi vs tcp/ip
=========================================
apa itu internet network
1. adalah sebuah platform untuk transfer sebuah data dari titik point A ke point B > Communication
2. digunakan untuk business to deliver information ex, Bank, SP Trading etc.
========================================

Network Component :

Medium = Perangkat
Router
Switch
Cable = UTP, STP, Fiber, Coaxial
PC
Server
NIC
==========================================
Aplikasi yang menggunakan Network
Web Browser = HTTP
Database Applikasi
Instant Messenger
E-mail
Online Games : CS online PB
========================================
Consideration for Network Aplikasi:

Speed
Delay = traffic-nya banyak
Avaibility= suatu network dimana component ada yang fail tetapi servicenya masih jalan
1. Redunancy
Link (backup)
scalability = adalah ukuran network untuk berkembang dan menjadi besar tanpa harus konfigurasi yang intens
( maksudnya contoh sudah ada switch poe – 2 thaun kedpn kita punya voip artinya tidak perlu ganti sw baru).

CSMA/CD = carrir send multipleport access / collusion detection = adalah policy aturan untuk pc saat mengirim data pada saat tertentu
hanya boleh saat tertentu.

==================================================

OSI vs TCP

* pada jaman dolo network tidak ada standart – dolo pake priopetery

dolo pake namanya EDI = electronic data interchange, adalah dolo kalau mau tukar informasi harus 1 brand

===========================

Application L7 = GUI

Presentation L6= Format Data

Session L5 = kalau login saya sebagian Admin, kamu di login sebagai guest itu kita berada di session berapa

Transport L4 = Multiplexing

Network L3 = logical addressing atau IP -address

Data-Link L2 = Physical addressing – mac address

Physical L1  = Biner > 101110 dari gelobang digital menjadi 1012, suatu layer yang bertanggu jawab terhadap mengubahan data
menjadi biner
===============================

L4 OSI – Transport Layer =

* Multiplexing
* Using Ports
* Established End to End Connectivity
Reliable -> TCP = contoh Download ( 3 way handshake )
Unrealiable -> UDP = Real time, Video steaming, Youtube, cisco webex
*L4 PDU = Segment
===================================

L3 OSI – Network Layer =
* Logical addressing
* Provide connectivity and pilihan jalur > ROuting
L3 PDU > Packet
=====================================

L2 OSI – Data Lin
* Physical Addressing
* Typically Has error detection > CRC
* L2 PDU -> Frame (chunk )
============================

L1 OSI – Physical
* Bertanggung jawab untuk meng-translate any medium (perangkat) signal menjadi binary
* Related to cabling
Coax, Twisted pair, UTP STP
Fiber
*L1 PDU > bits

Static vs Dynamic Routing

Routing Technology :

Static vs Dynamic Routing
=================================
Routing Protocol = adalah bahasa ngobrol antar router

Static vs Dynamic Routing Overview
Routing Protocol Classficafication
Distance Vector Routing
Routing Loop dan Prevention Mechanism
Link State Routing

=======================================
Perbedaan Static & Dynamic

Static – konfigurasi Router secara manual, dalam artian kita arahkan next hop kemana
– Large Network = banyak konfig
+ static route tidak mengkonsumsi bandwitdh (tdk butuh bandwitdh tambahan)

Dynamic – mekanisme dimana router sebenernya saling ngobrol antar router lain bahasa ngobrol disebut (Routing Protocol)
+ Good for Large Network Deployment
– di butuhkan Bandwitdh tambahan untuk komunikasi router ke router lain-nya.
====================================================

Routing Protocol Classification

1. IGP = interior gateway protocol adalah tidak bisa handle routing table yang sangat banyak (- 100 MB)
IGP = digunakan antar HQ – Branch

1. Distance Vector = adalah informasi routing hanya disampaikan sebelahan ( tetangga )
*RIPv1, RIPv2
*IGRP, Eigrp

2. Link-state
*OSPF & IS-IS

2. EGP = Exterior gateway protcol adalah Routing Protocol yang bisa di handle yang sangat besar (+ 100 MB ) contoh Internet
BGP -> BGP, BGP adalah Routing table yang di design untuk menangani Routing yang sangat besar

Service Provider memakai BGP

====================
Distance Vector Routing.

.ciri2 distance vector tidak perlu algoritma yang rumit dia hanya butuh informas dari router lain
1. Routing by rumor
2. Routing akan bergantung hanya pada Router sebelah ( Neighbor ) tetangga untuk Routing
3. dengan menggunakan Distance vector Router tidak mempunyai gambar Topology yang lengkap
4. cara deploy nya, memakai update, setiap Periodical L3 Routing information update 30 detik akan update
5. umum-nya hanya di gunakan atau baiknya digunakan untuk Small network Deployment
6. Prone atau cendrung pada L3 mempunya Routing Loops.
===========================================

Routing-Loop Prevention Mechanism.
1. Maximum Hop = di atas 15 router dia tidak bisa mengenali router lagi max 15
2. Split-Horizon = ( jgn sotoy ) adalah kalau terima update dari suatu interface misalnya network x dari port 1 maka saya tidak
boleh mengirimkan balik ke port 1 (blocking).
bila ttl=255 habis paket akan di drop.
3. Trigger Update= adalah ketika ada masalah atau ada yang putus, dia tidak menunggu giliran untuk update setiap router,
bila dia detect dia langsung kabarin, dengan menggunkan Trigger update dpt menghindar Routing – Loops.
4. Holdown Timers = adalah dimana Network ada yg putus, tidak langsung di hapus di routing table akan di tunggu sampai kembali
5. Route Poisoning

==============================================

Link state Routing adalah
1. suatu algorimat di IGP atau bahasa ngobrol dimana setiap router akan memiliki gambar penuh dengan
topology -nya
– kekurangannya membutuhkan Resources-nya yang sangat besar karena mempunyai seluruh network & topology

2. sangat cocok untuk network yang skalanya besar.

link state routing akan kalkulasi ulang bila terjadi putus

karena ketika network lengkap akan terhindar dari Routing – loops

RIP Routing

Routing Technology :
RIP Routing.

Routing Technology : RIP Routing

– Rip Overview
– RIPv1 vs RIPv2 Comparison
– How RIP Works?
– Routing Protocol Convergence
– RIP Convergence
– RIP Advantage / Disadvantege
– Rip Routing Configuration & Verification.

===========================================

Static Protocol = – config manual
+ tidak makan Bandwitdh

Dynamic Protocol = sesama router akan ngobrol untuk memberi informasi network yg dimiliki masing2 Router.

===========================================

RIP Overview

– Routing Information Protocol.

– Open Standart based on IGP.
* RFC-nya 2453 “RIPv2”

– Category Distance Vector Protocol.

– Rip ngobrolnya pake UDP untuk L4 Transport
* UDP Port 520 untuk multicast Destination 224.0.0.9
* catatan : perhatikan firewall agar udp port 520 terbuka, kalau nggk, nggk bisa ngobrol

======================

RIPv1 vs RIPv2

RIPv1
* Classfull (maksudnya dia harus sama semua Subnetnya, maka semua network di dalam tolopogy harus 1 subnet)
* Contoh : 192.168.1.0/27 maka semua network dalam topology harus /27
* ketika update menyetarkan Subnetmask : > 192.168.1.0/27
* Menggunakan Broadcast untuk Updates

RIPv2
* Classless ( ketika update akan menyertakan subnet-masknya )
Contoh : 192.168.1.0 <– contoh update tanpa subnetmask
* Support VLSM
* Menggunakan Multicast Updates
* Triggered Update (tidak nunggu giliran untuk update data kalau terjadi putus)
* Authentication
============================================

RIPv1 = > proses update, maka akan dikirim pakai Broadcast S-MAC -> D-MAC (Broadcast) tidak efektif
RIPv2 = > data dikirim pakai multicast (lebih spesifik)

=================

Cara kerja RIP?, sama dengan protocol Distace Vector
Ripv2 cara kerja lebih cepat convegence-nya karena kalau ada yang putus dia punya
trigger update (tdk nunggu giliran update)
==========
c : directly connected = lebih baik
R : read

=======================================================================================================
ketika sudah convegence dimana semua Router memiliki routing table masing2 router

(R1)f0/1————12.0/24———–f0/2-(R2)-f0/3——-23.0/24———–f0/3(R3)
|                                         |                         |
f0/0|                                         |f0/0                     |f0/0
|                                         |                         |
|                                         |                         |
|                                         |                         |
|                                         |                          |
|                                         |                                      |
|                                         |                                      |
10.0/24                                  20.0/24                30.0/24
========================================================================================================
cara kerja rip routing

R1                    R2                    R3
c: 192.168.10.0/24 f0/0            c : 12.0/24 f0/2             c : 30.0/24 f0/0
c: 192.168.12.0/24 f0/0          c : 20.0/24 f0/0                c : 23.0/24 f0/3
R: 192.168.20.0/24 [120/1] R2, f0/1    c : 23.0/24 f0/3            R : 10.0/24 [120/2]R2, f0/3
R: 192.168.23.0/24 [120/1] R2, f0/1     R : 10.0/24 [120/1] 192.168.12.1 f0/2   R : 20.0/24 [120/1]R2, f0/3
R: 192.168.30.0/24 [120/2] R2, f0/1     R : 30.0/24 [120/1] 192.168.23.3 f0/3   R : 12.0/24 [120/1]R2. f0/3

*update akan selalu dilakukan secara periodik setiap 30 detik, yang di upate adalah seluruh
routing table itulah adalah karakterisitik distance vector.

*Routing by Rumor adalah dimana R1 sangat bergantung pada router sebelahnya R2 untuk mendapatkan informasi2 yang didapat selain R2
R1 percaya aja apa yang info2 dikasih dengan R2, karena dia nggk ada jaminan kalau informasi yang diberikan R2 itu adalah akurat

===================================================
pemilihan jalur RIP itu bedasarkan Lowest Hop-count jalur terpendek
setiap router menghitung 1 one hop.
====================

Router Protocol Convergence
seberapa cepat dia bisa melalkukan kalkulasi network kalau ada yang putus

Convergence = Proses router untuk setuju untuk menentukan jalur terbaik untuk ke destination

Reconvergence proses router untuk setuju untuk menentukan jalur BARU terbaik setelah / bila network putus
contoh : kabel Putus, Router software hang /crash

slow/Long Convergence = maka terjadi adalah permasalahn yang muncun lama
fast/short Convrgence = bila ada masalah munculnya lebih cepat
=============

Rip convergence
RIp convergence based pada 4 waktu

update timer = 30 detik
Invalid timer = 60 detik
Holddown timer = 60 deitk
flush timer = waktu penalty 90 detik

=========

Rip advantage & Disadvantage

Advantage
* Vendor Independent = kita nggk perlu 1 merek
* Implemented on nearly every IP Router
* Simple to configure

Dis
* limit hanya 15 router
* converge very slow
=================